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Computer Graphics Program
part of the Department of Media Technologies

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DEGREES &
COURSES

COURSE OUTCOMES

Course Descriptions
brief explanations of the scopes of the courses

Course Outlines

structure of courses' content


Software Taught / Used by Course which applications are taught in which courses

Course Numbering Changes
changes in numbering, names, credits

History of GRC Courses

 

Home | Certificates & Degrees | Course Descriptions Outlines Outcomes Changes

GRC 101 Introduction to Graphic Communications (3 credits) Go To Top

    1. Explain key developments in the history of graphic communications and the main concepts behind visual communications theories, especially the past and present developments of type—including photography, layout, typesetting, and printing processes.
    2. Explain how the communications model ties into all that the designer does, especially as it relates to the workings and purpose of the design process and print and non-print (web and multimedia) production.
    3. Demonstrate the process of graphic design productivity by synthesizing information gathered from various stakeholders, developing a workflow for a project, and describing the issues and process of project management.
    4. List a number of the employment opportunities in the graphic / visual communications industry and common technical and work skills needed.
    5. List and describe the basic design / typographic principles, terms, and concepts and demonstrate an intelligent choice of type, color, images and signs in communicating creatively and effectively.
    6. Explain the importance of consistency of design, usability and core messaging
    7. Describe the current and emerging technologies relevant to the visual communications industry, from direct-to-plate and on-demand / electronic printing to Internet, multimedia, and digital video.
    8. List, recognize, and describe basic terms, concepts, and practices in designing messages for print: type, substrates, current printing technologies, bindery and other post-press operations.
    9. Describe legal, ethical, and market issues relative to marketing communications, advertising, public relations, traditional print publishing and news delivery, including copyright, intellectual property, licensing, trademark and other brand issues, and fair use, and any consequences for violations related laws.
    10. Discuss censorship, non-disclosure agreements, cultural sensitivity, diversity awareness, and ethical behavior as it relates to the design process.

GRC 103 Introduction to Computer Graphics (3 credits) Go To Top

    1. Define basic computing terms dealing with graphic software applications, hardware, memory, operating system interface, graphic formats, color modes and printing.
    2. Operate a Macintosh or PC to perform basic computing procedures (including select, create, open, close, save, rename, convert format, copy, delete, move, organize, find, print, backup, booting, quitting, shutting down, ejecting disk, accessing a server, selecting a printer) and to perform modifier key shortcuts for such actions.
    3. Choose and make the necessary adjustments to a file (including RGB or CMYK color mode selection, resolution and file format choice) so that the resultant file size and image compatibility with various software programs is appropriate for a given job and to convert from one graphic type (bitmapped image, vector object) to another.
    4. Capture images with all types of devices (including handheld and digital camera, scanners, screen captures, file downloads, and graphic tablet). Create line art, grayscale, and color images scans.
    5. Perform basic calculations concerning computer memory, storage, and file size: e.g. unit conversions, memory and storage measurements.
    6. Create raster artwork using Photoshop (demonstrating the use of basic features such as selection, layers, masks and color correction and modification); select and edit colors and create custom color gradients; and demonstrate common Photoshop tasks related to image editing: using filters and painting tools, cropping, rotating, resizing, color correction, saving and exporting.
    7. Create vector objects in Illustrator using only the pen tool; modify (add/subtract points, convert points and otherwise adjust) bézier curves; demonstrate common Illustrator tasks related to creating vector artwork including: tracing (manual and auto), type on a path, controlling fill and stroke, creating primitive shapes.
    8. Convert images into digital Illustration and unique marks for design application.
    9. Select, combine, transform, layer, group, delete, lock, color, and otherwise edit vector graphics.
    10. Assemble a basic multi-column page layout using InDesign—including setting up the document; using grids; importing, positioning; and resizing graphics; inputting, flowing, and formatting text; performing basic word processing functions—and to create and use a template file.
    11. Manage multiple files for a project (importing/exporting art between applications of the Adobe Creative Suite) and prepare them for final production and preparation for print or web.

GRC 104 Layout & Typography Fundamentals (3 credits) Go To Top

    1. Create thumbnails and sketches (both manual and digital) that clearly show all of the design elements proportionate to the layout.
    2. Analyze the use of composition principles in the artwork being used in a layout—including color, line, shape, texture, size and value and effective cropping—and how they apply to the message.
    3. Analyze and critique the work of others in terms of the application of of design and typographic principles, including emphasis, contrast, balance, repetition, alignment, flow, and unity.
    4. Apply effective use of negative space, composition, message structure to layouts.
    5. Demonstrate effective use of grids and templates.
    6. Establish a hierarchy of information through type treatments.
    7. Identify type anatomy and type classifications and properly use type specification and measurement terms.
    8. Choose an appropriate typeface for a particular background, match a particular type personality with a message.
    9. Craft type using a page layout program by controlling all character and paragraph formatting, including control over kerning and tracking, tabs and indents, leading.
    10. Apply the design process to generate layouts that contains all the richness of the brand.

GRC 105 History of Graphic Design (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Develop a basic understanding of the relationship between design and its audience.
  2. Learn basic vocabulary and visual skills necessary to analyze elements and principles to all types of graphics.
  3. List and describe the pivotal individuals who shaped the direction of graphic design.
  4. List and describe the new developments that shaped and changed graphic design through time including technological advances.
  5. Recognize major design movements and concepts.
  6. GRC 107 Design Fundamentals (3 credits)
  7. Verbalize, analyze, and evaluate good design.
  8. Apply design principles in work usable for portfolios and job applications.
  9. Utilize technology in course projects.
  10. Have exposure to art and design history through slides and lectures thus becoming aware of differences in cultural backgrounds and geography and how to apply this awareness to the graphics field.
  11. Understand the act of creativity, its process and apply this to their own conceptual thinking.

GRC 107 Design Fundamentals (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Verbalize, analyze and evaluate "good design"
  2. Apply design principles in work usable for portfolios and job applications
  3. Utilize technology in appropriate class projects
  4. Have exposure to " art history and history of design" through slides and lectures thus becoming aware of differences in cultural backgrounds and geography and how to apply this awareness to the commercial graphic field.
  5. Understanding the act creativity, its process and apply this to their own conceptual thinking.
  6. Convert thumbnails to full size renderings and drawings using grids
  7. How to computate size relationships in terms of background and foreground
  8. Take direction from client or art director, to fulfill specified assignment.
  9. To communicate effectively with clients, art directors and peers to achieve the necessary specifications of the assignment given.
  10. To develop experience in collaborating with a team, co-student instruction and the instructor.

GRC 109 Color & Design (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Verbalize, analyze, evaluate what is good design.
  2. Apply this learning to projects usable for their portfolios.
  3. Communicate their design ideas to perspective employers and peers.
  4. Develop individual creativity in art and design.
  5. Explore the application of computers and their uses in the commercial world.
  6. Apply knowledge of cultural difference to projects that are gender based or geographically based.
  7. Use appropriate vocabulary for talking about color and its psychological effects as applied to the graphic areas.
  8. Discuss the various color theories, models and technologies available.
  9. Compute size relationships in terms of foreground, background reversal as it relates to different spatial theories. i.e.: bauhaus
  10. Mix and understand color percentages
  11. Convert thumbnails into full size pictures utilizing grids
  12. Take directions from clients, art directors, instructor to fulfill specified assignments
  13. Communicate effectively with clients, art directors and peers to achieve the necessary specifications of the assignment given.
  14. Collaborate with a team and the instructor.

GRC 110 Rendering & Illustration (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Demonstrate basic drawing skills.
  2. Define twenty terms unique to the field of illustration.
  3. Create pen and ink illustrations.
  4. Create illustrations utilizing electronic illustration media.
  5. Create illustrations using colored inks.
  6. Create still-life drawings using graphite pencil.
  7. Create illustrations using Coquille board.
  8. Create 2- and 3-point perspective illustrations.
  9. Analyze illustrations and determine their medium of execution.
  10. Compare illustration styles.

GRC 119 Computer Graphics/Digital Media (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. List, define, and describe the basic terminology and concepts relative to non-print area of computer graphics—multimedia, animation and web development, including color models, file formats, resolutions, and bit depths.
  2. Determine general violations of copyright and software licensing.
  3. Create a basic web page using HTML.
  4. Prepare graphics for the web using Photoshop.
  5. Produce a 2D GIF animation for the internet.
  6. Incorporate sound and movies into a basic web page.
  7. Perform a basic grayscale/color scan using a flatbed scanner.
  8. Create, edit, control bézier paths in Illustrator and Photoshop.
  9. Outline the multimedia process and develop a storyboard.
  10. Model, animate and render a basic 3D animation.
  11. Author an interactive movie/animation using Director.

GRC 125B Graphics Software (.5-1 credit) Go To Top

  1. Use the tools and features of a particular software package in a short period of time.

GRC 140 Electronic Publishing I (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Control advanced typography of a design piece using Adobe InDesign, including all character and paragraph formatting.
  2. Import, position, manipulate, crop, resize, arrange, and modify graphics elements of all complexities..
  3. Enter, edit, spell check text; use the search and replace and find commands within Adobe InDesign.
  4. Link, unlink, runaround text, and otherwise manipulate and fine tune type within Adobe InDesign.
  5. Set up columns, guides, and grids to facilitate layouts.
  6. Set up, apply, and edit master pages and style sheets within Adobe InDesign.
  7. Specify, define, edit, and apply color within Adobe InDesign.
  8. Preflight a Adobe InDesign file for printing and separating.
  9. Apply basic design principles—contrast, repetition, alignment, and proximity—to a new page layout design or to make-over an existing page layout.

GRC 156 Computer Illustration I (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Use layers to create templates for tracing and to organize complicated artwork.
  2. Operate the tools in Illustrator’s toolbox.
  3. Draw, select, and adjust bézier lines and objects using the bézier tools.
  4. Manually trace and autotrace imported artwork.
  5. Rotate, scale, skew, and reflect objects; use the blend tool to morph objects and create custom blends.
  6. Measure, constrain, fill, and stroke objects.
  7. Create, edit, and apply gradients, custom patterns, compound paths, and masks.
  8. Define, apply, and edit color; prepare files for color separation.
  9. Control the use of type in an illustration application including outline type, textwrapping, text linking, path type, area type, and character and paragraph formatting.
  10. Demonstrate a number of advanced techniques such as interlocking letters and objects, modified outlines, perspective and 3D drawing, unusual line effects.
  11. Use filters to streamline work and create special effects.
  12. Import bitmapped images into Illustrator; rasterize objects within Illustrator.

GRC 158 Cartooning (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Create a pen-and-ink cartoon character.
  2. Create a newspaper comic strip.
  3. Create a pen-and-ink caricature.
  4. Create a pen-and-ink editorial cartoon.
  5. Create a pen-and-ink mascot for an advertisement.
  6. Create a full-color (water color) cartoon.
  7. Compare different cartooning styles of professional cartoonists.
  8. Compare traditional cartooning techniques with computer-generated techniques.

GRC 161 Advertising Design I (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Define 20 terms unique to the field of advertising design.
  2. Develop a company logo.
  3. Create a magazine advertisement.
  4. Create newspaper advertisements.
  5. Develop a television storyboard.
  6. Create a billboard advertisement.
  7. Compare advertising design principles: balance, proportion, sequence, unity, and emphasis.
  8. Create an advertisement utilizing electronic media.

GRC 165 Electronic Painting (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Use basic tools to create bitmapped images in Painter and Photoshop.
  2. Employ layers, masks, floaters, shapes, channels to produce a complex composition.
  3. Use paint brushes for a variety of tasks, including "retouching, recoloring, tinting photos, cloning and rubber stamping, and special effects.
  4. Create and use custom fills and patterns.
  5. Describe and work with color in 1, 8, 16 and 24 bit environments.
  6. Create textures and backgrounds.
  7. Create special text effects.
  8. Design and create artistic paintings using the computer as the palette and tools.
  9. Describe traditional art terms, such as value, tone, light, shade, line, and form; apply these practices to computer painting techniques.
  10. Describe the proportions and basic shape and form of the human figure and portrait.
  11. Create artistic paintings using image editing methods.
  12. Transform photos into other art forms—from pencil drawings to oil paintings.

GRC 173B Digital Photo Retouching (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Identify problems with photos—scratches, exposure, contrast—and the degree of retouching needed—minor, average, major.
  2. Create a basic color scan.
  3. Use Photoshop basic "retouching tools"—cloning tool, paintbrush, spotting airbrush, spotting pencil.
  4. Correct the color, contrast, exposure of photographs.
  5. Colorize a B&W photograph by creating a duotone and demonstrating hand coloring technique.
  6. Remove and add an object from a photograph.

GRC 175 Web Design & Publishing I (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Set up web pages using basic Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).
  2. Use Photoshop to prepare graphics for the World Wide Web, with optimal file formats, bit depth, resolution, and size.
  3. Demonstrate good graphic design and layout of web pages, using tables, image maps, and HTML.
  4. Navigate and search the internet to gather information.
  5. Describe differences of the software and hardware requirements necessary for internet browsing and publishing.
  6. Transfer files using FTP.
  7. Communicate and transfer files using e-mail.
  8. Make a 2D animation for the web.
  9. Organize the files of a web site for efficient updating
  10. Express professional criticism of others work in a group setting via critiquing. (HUMAN RELATIONS COMPONENT)
  11. Perform basic calculations concerning computer memory, disk storage, and file size: e.g. unit (KB, MG, GB) conversions, memory, storage, and timeline measurements. (COMPUTATIONAL COMPONENT}

GRC 179 Multimedia Design & Production I (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. List terms and associated elements of the multimedia building blocks: text, still images, animation, sound, and video.
  2. Build basic text movies within Director.
  3. Create and add still image files into a Director project.
  4. Create basic animation within Director, including film loops, real-time recording and step recording.
  5. Capture and edit AIFF sound files in Adobe Premiere.
  6. Capture and edit basic Quicktime digital video in Adobe Premiere.
  7. Create linear and nonlinear movies in Macromedia Director containing all multimedia building blocks and basic Lingo scripting.
  8. Create Director projector movies for playback on Mac and PC computing platforms.
  9. Burn a CD-ROM with associated project files.

GRC 183 Electronic Imaging I (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Select, configure, and operate hardware and software used in electronic imaging.
  2. Capture black-and-white and color images using flatbed and film scanners.
  3. Access Photo CD images.
  4. Correct minor damaged photographic images using Photoshop.
  5. Modify color and control density, contrast, and sharpness using Photoshop.
  6. Work with selections, masks, layers, and channels to prepare a professional project.
  7. Select, manipulate, and work with multiple graphic formats.
  8. Import and export files in Photoshop, resize and convert them to the appropriate size, bit depth, and format to meet the needs of the project.
  9. Output digital images to desktop printers.
  10. Prepare and import digital photographs into a page assembly application for color separation.
  11. Organize, format, and otherwise prepare files for output at a service bureau.

GRC 185 Computer Animation I (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Describe the differences between classical animation, 2D computer animation, and 3D computer animation.
  2. Describe the animation production process and the various production tasks.
  3. Use Photoshop to create backgrounds and textures to apply to models and scenes.
  4. Create a hand drawn and colored storyboard and an animated flipbook for a 2D animation sequence/story.
  5. Create a traditional 2D animation sequence.
  6. Create a 2D computer animation story with a title, story and credits, and transitions between each scene.
  7. Model, animate, and render basic shapes in a short 3D animation, including title, story, and credits.

GRC 188 Web Animation& Interactivity I (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Create GIF animations and animated banners.
  2. Create interactive menu bars.
  3. Prepare streaming audio files for downloading on the web.
  4. Convert 3D models to web animations.
  5. Prepared Shocked animations using Macromedia Flash.

GRC 207 Electronic Design (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. List basic principles (unity, emphasis, balance, proportion, rhythm) and elements (line, shape, texture, space, value, motion, color) of design.
  2. Explain and demonstrate the components of a good layout.
  3. Conduct research for design projects; use the information to formulate ideas and make decisions to solve design problems.
  4. Describe and determine the meaning of various fine, commercial and computer graphic art, based on the aesthetics of each art form.
  5. Explain the purpose of thumbnails, roughs, and comprehensive layouts; create both traditional and computer-generated thumbnails, roughs and comprehensive layouts.
  6. Define, evaluate and interpret a design problem; choose an appropriate solution which communicates the purpose and intent of a message to a specific audience.
  7. Organize information to clearly communicate a message.
  8. Examine and critically scrutinize his/her and others' work.
  9. Differentiate fact and opinion, objectivity and subjectivity, propaganda and stereotypes in a variety of forms of communication.
  10. Prepare and present an oral presentation to a client; describe the work done and convince the client of its success.

GRC 228B 3D Electronic Design (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Electronically draw all basic shapes in perspective to create depth and geometrical representations of a third dimension using and industry standard 2-D computer graphics program
  2. Electronically paint primitive objects and shapes to create the illusion of depth using an industry standard computer graphics bitmap program.
  3. Electronically model primitive objects with basic shapes and paths using a 3D animation/modeling software program.
  4. Electronically draw, paint and render a complete building/landscape composition using simple, complex and irregular forms in angular perspective using an industry standard draw and/or paint program.
  5. Design, model and render a complex real life object using a 3D animation/modeling software program.
  6. Describe and use all 3D design principles, theories, and skills to efficiently, creatively design on the x, y, and z-axis.

GRC 229 Advanced Typography (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Identify the required type context for a design piece and choose appropriate fonts.
  2. Design a typeface and create a computer font from it.
  3. Choose an appropriate typeface for a particular background, match a particular type personality with a message.
  4. Design a piece solely with type.
  5. Establish a hierarchy of information through type treatments.
  6. Craft type using a page layout program by controlling all character and paragraph formatting, including advanced control over kerning and tracking, tabs and indents, leading.
  7. Create a number of special type effects, for example, distressed type, illusion of depth, glowing text, semitransparent text containers, recessed text, embossed text.

GRC 240B Electronic Publishing II (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Control advanced typographic and layout control of a design piece using Adobe InDesign.
  2. Import, position, manipulate, crop, resize, arrange, and modify graphics elements of all complexities.
  3. Enter, edit, spell check text; use the search and replace and find commands within Adobe InDesign.
  4. Link, unlink, runaround text, and otherwise manipulate and fine tune type within Adobe InDesign.
  5. Set up columns, guides, and grids to facilitate layouts.
  6. Set up, apply, and edit master pages and style sheets within Adobe InDesign for advanced applications.
  7. Specify, define, edit, and apply and master the use of color within Adobe InDesign.
  8. Preflight a Adobe InDesign file for printing and separating.
  9. Apply basic design principles—contrast, repetition, alignment, and proximity—to a new page layout design or to make-over an existing page layout.

GRC 256B Computer Illustration II (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Produce bézier artwork with advanced treatment of lines and outlines.
  2. Apply advanced text effects and type control in Illustrator.
  3. Build a variety of traps.
  4. Create a number of special effects using filters in Illustrator.
  5. Import and export artwork to, from, and between Illustrator and Photoshop.
  6. Use Illustrator and Photoshop together to produce painted textures, photorealistic product illustrations, and simulated block printing and silkscreening.
  7. Apply advanced masking techniques.
  8. Create interactive graphs within Illustrator.
  9. Build complex blends and gradients in Illustrator to mimic photographic quality.
  10. Set up and illustrate one-point, two-point, and multi-point perspectives.
  11. Rasterize vector-based artwork.
  12. Explain what an illustration is and what it should do.
  13. Create illustrative solutions to complex and abstract communication problems.

GRC 264B Advanced Illustration (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Create pen & ink illustrations.
  2. Create wash illustrations in full-color.
  3. Create mixed media illustration in full-color.
  4. Create colored pencil illustration in full-color.
  5. Create full-color illustrations in electronic media.
  6. Develop a professional illustration portfolio.

GRC 271 Advertising Design II (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Develop an advertising campaign for a company or organization.
  2. Develop a corporate identity.
  3. Care a full-page magazine ad utilizing electronic media.
  4. Create a direct-mail advertising brochure.
  5. Create a full-color newspaper ad.

GRC 275B Web Design & Publishing II (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Use stylesheets to control web page layout.
  2. Write and edit a basic JavaScript program.
  3. Create active and inactive functions in web pages using JavaScript programming, such as mouseover buttons, setting client cookies, automatic time dating).
  4. Access external programs and/or information in the automatic creation of web pages with database, CGI scripting or JavaScript.
  5. Integrate client side and server side scripting.
  6. Apply advanced techniques to web usability.

GRC 278B Electronic Prepress (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. List and define the fundamental terminology of prepress, both traditional and computerized.
  2. Explain the basic printing technologies thermal-wax transfer, color laser, ink jet, phase change, dye-sublimation, color copiers, direct-to-press, direct-to-plate, digital presses and what each is best used for.
  3. Manage font technology, apply fonts, and print type.
  4. Properly preflight a job before sending it to a service bureau or printer.
  5. Scan B&W, grayscale, and color images so they will accurately reproduce at the desired line screen and color balance.
  6. Trap multi-color graphics through chokes and spreads.
  7. Work around color calibration issues.
  8. Set up a layout using crop marks, trim marks, registration marks, fold marks, margins etc.
  9. Set up a color job, choose colors, and prepare a file for color separation.
  10. Set up blends and gradients that print smoothly.
  11. Create and use proofs.
  12. Create a "clean" postscript file.
  13. troubleshoot files so they will correctly print.

GRC 279B Multimedia Design & Production II (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Create intermediate and advanced multimedia presentations using Director.
  2. Program advanced effects and interactivity in a multimedia presentation using Lingo programming language.
  3. Develop animated images, movies, and film loops.
  4. Include sound and video in Director movies and to "shock" them for the web.
  5. List resources and explain processes required to complete an interactive program.

GRC 283B Electronic Imaging II (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Select and configure hardware and software for professional electronic imaging applications.
  2. Perform professional level scans of black and white and color images using flatbed and film scanners.
  3. Access and manipulate CD-ROM and Photo-CD images.
  4. Manipulate image layers, channels, and modes in Adobe Photoshop.
  5. Generate original image artwork and projects for print publication reflecting professional quality standards.
  6. Output digital images to high-end printers, CD-ROM disc, and film recorders.
  7. Operate digital capture devices.
  8. Produce projects that will output at a service bureau.
  9. Use paint tools to create custom backgrounds, textures and other artistic 2D designs.

GRC 288B Web Animation & Interactivity II (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. Program some content using Action Scripting.
  2. Create preloaders.
  3. Use GET and POST commands for uploading scripts.
  4. Create interactive game features.
  5. Import and use large Photoshop files.
  6. Import and use Illustrator files.

GRC 289B Special Projects for Graphic Communications (3 credits) Go To Top

GRC 290 Internship in Graphic Communications (3 credits) Go To Top

  1. List basic policies and procedures of the employer.
  2. Describe the office, studio, or shop workflow.
  3. List at least a dozen names of industry members met during the internship and classify them by job and role in the local industry.
  4. List the qualifications, responsibilities, and career opportunities of at least six industry members met during the internship.
  5. Explain the importance and necessity of continued learning in the graphic communications industry.
  6. Call upon at least two people as references as to your ability to work effectively with others, think creatively, make decisions at the level permitted, understanding and give written and oral instructions.
  7. Produce work using the employer’s tools at a reasonable rate and with reasonable quality.
  8. Others depend upon internship contract developed by employer, intern, and faculty advisor.

GRC 294B Portfolio Workshop (1 credit) Go To Top

  1. Define what a portfolio is, describe the three main types of portfolios, and list the steps for creating a portfolio plan.
  2. Plan, organize and physically assemble a professional-style portfolio that relates to a chosen career in computer graphics.
  3. Evaluate and respond critically to his/her own work and the work of others; explain how ideas are developed and the purpose of each piece in the portfolio.
Courses Outcomes | Course Outlines | Software Taught/Used by Course | Course Numbering Changes

Questions about the program, contact:
ed.kanet@csn.edu
702-651-4159
FAX: 702-651-4653

OR
emma.coakley@csn.edu
702-651-4121
FAX: 702-651-2635

TOP • Updated:2.5.09